Fleets work. EDF started with increasing efficiency, technology-neutral. EDF helped with development of hybrid delivery trucks. Now moving on to increasing penetration. Easier when fuel prices were high. Now, with lower prices, focused on decreasing the premium.

Budget problem with fleet management - does group making the financial investment get to capture the energy savings.
Zip car is interesting model. Does it decrease miles driven or just investment in cars? Is there a model for zip car for fleet - don't own the fleet use the truck/trailer when you need it.

Customers want product faster - why not go back to air? Set expectations correctly. If you say product will be available in 6 weeks that's okay, especially if it is delivered in 5 weeks.

Are containers full when they ship? Shared shipping models are developing e.g., in electronics in Europe. Probably different levels of load depending on which step in the delivery process. delivery to retailer is probably the least concentrated, trucks least full.

is there room for fleet sharing the way we think about ride sharing? opportunity for market-making - identify location of trucks and destinations, location of loads, space available, bid/accept.

ride sharing exists in some forms - slug lines, formerly lots of ride sharing (in the 50's) before multiple cars, hitchhiking

what is needed for adoption of ride-sharing behavior? cultural ethic, gas price increase, fuel tax

back haul miles don't show up in the carbon footprint. who is responsible?
how efficient is back haul market? ocean shipping is fairly efficient. e.g., paper waste goes to china and paper comes back. 1 company with global infrastructure.

should OEM's of efficient vehicles absorb the initial cost, but the 1st vehicles themselves to get up the curve. honda is doing that with hydrogen cars.

Hybrid trucks delivered 30-50% savings. Vehicle with lots of idling may generate more - Duke Energy saw 57%. 25 trucks across utility fleets, FedEx. measuring savings in fuel. Trucks are built on spec - manufacturers won't sell at a loss. Hybrid truck premium is about 40%. pays back over life of truck, but not within the 3 to 5 year period investors want to see. Moment last summer when diesel price was high and hybrid truck prices were cut - "we're at the tipping point" but then fuel prices fell. Delivery trucks in urban area have large savings on fuel. prices need to get to $5-$6 gal. to tip.

characteristics of truck purchases changing. e.g., today smaller things are shipped.

how concentrated is it. e.g., shipping - maybe can work with small shippers.